Caprine Related Terms/Vocabulary

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A

Abdomen
The belly.
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Abdominocentesis
Placing a needle into the abdominal (belly) cavity to check for the presence of abnormal fluid.
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Abortion
Premature delivery of a fetus.
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Abrasions
Wounds that are not through all the layers of the skin.
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Abscess
An accumulation of pus.
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Aquarius's
Infestation with mites.
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Accidental host
Humans are not part of the life cycle, they accidentally entered into that organisms life cycle and got the disease. Examples: ringworm, rabies.
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Acquired
A defect that happens after being born (contrasted to congenital).
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Accrual lick dermatitis
"Lick granuloma". Lesions caused by chronic licking.
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Actinic
The injurious effects of ultraviolet light.
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Acute
The sudden onset of signs of disease.
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Ad libitum Abbr.: ad lib
Feed offered free-choice, allowing animals to eat as much as they desire.
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Adhesions
When structures that are not normally bound together become stuck to one another.
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Adjuvant
A component added to killed vaccines to increase the ability of the vaccine to stimulate an immune response.
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Adrenal gland
A gland located close to the kidneys that produces several hormones including cortisol.
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Adrenaline
Also known as epinephrine. A hormone that stimulates the heart and increases blood pressure.
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Adrenergic
Drugs that mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Adverse event
Any undesirable occurrence, either injury or death when following the use of an immunobiological product.
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Adverse reaction to food
An abnormal clinical response attributed to an ingested food or food product.
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Aerobic bacteria
Bacteria that grow only when oxygen is present.
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Afterbirth
The placenta and allied membranes connected to the fetus. It is expelled from the uterus after delivery.
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Age specific database
The minimum amount of information that is planned to be collected on all patients of a certain age; for example pediatric or geriatric databases.
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Agglutination
An abnormal clumping of red blood cells. Often seen in immune-mediated anemia.
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Agonist
A drug which when attached to a receptor causes an effect.
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Albumin
A small protein in blood that acts like a "sponge" to keep fluid within the blood vessels. If albumin is low, fluid leaks out of the blood vessels and causes edema.
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Aldosterone
A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that is responsible for salt and water balance in the body.
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Alimentary
Another term for the gut or intestinal tract. The alimentary tract runs from the mouth, through the esophagus to the stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
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All in, all out management system
A management system where the entire population is removed from a single area, the area is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, and then the animals are moved back in.
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Allergic contact dermatitis Abr.: ACD
Dermatitis caused by caustic or irritating substances. No prior sensitization is required.
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Alopecia
Loss of hair.
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Amino acids
Nitrogen-containing compounds that are the building blocks from which protein are made.
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Amitraz
Mitaban® (Pharmacia). A treatment for demodectic mange.
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Amnion
The inner most layer of the membrane surrounding the embryo in the uterus. The sac formed by this membrane contains amniotic fluid.
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Amniotic vesicle
Another name for the embryonic vesicle.
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Amphotericin B
Systemic antifungal drug.
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Amylase
An enzyme produced by the pancreas that contributes to digestion of food. Lack of amylase results in a large amount of greasy stool being passed.
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Anaerobic bacteria
A bacteria that grows only when oxygen is not present.
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Anagen
The phase of the hair cycle during with the hair is synthesized.
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Analgesia
Refers to the absence of pain in the presence of stimuli that would be expected to be painful. In clinical practice we use the term analgesia to mean a reduction in pain.
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Analgesic
A drug administered to reduce the perception of pain.
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Anamnestic response
The memory of immune cells that allows for more rapid and intense production of antibody the second time a host animal sees an antigen. Also called a secondary immune response.
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Anaphylaxis
A severe hypersensitivity reaction often results in bronchoconstriction and hypertension.
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Ancylostomiasis
Hookworm dermatitis. The etiological agents are migrating 3rd stage larvae of Ancylostoma canium or Uncinaria stenocephala.
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Anemia
Low red blood cells count.
A decrease in PCV or hemoglobin resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
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Anesthesia
Loss of sensation induced by a drug. This can be loss of sensation in a body part, which is called local anesthesia, or loss of consciousness with general anesthesia.
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Anestrous Period
The non-breeding season or when the female does not exhibit estrus (heat).
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Animal reservoir
An animal with an inapparent infection that is also transmitting the agent.
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Animal rights
An ideology defined by the belief that in addition to meeting the basic needs of an animal, taking into account their species specific behaviors and some other criteria, society has a moral obligation to make sure that those animals are appropriately cared for and handled.
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Animal well being
A state in which the animal is existing with in a range of acceptable environmental and psychological specifications.
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Animals rights
A belief in the total elimination of use of animals in our society, period. Human life is equated to animal life.
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Anorexia
Lack of appetite.
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Antagonist
A drug which when attached to a receptor blocks the receptor from being stimulated by an agonist drug.
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Anthelmetics
Medications given to remove or kill worms. Also called wormers.
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Anthropomorphism
Projecting human needs or wants on to an animal.
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Antibiotic
A class of drug usually produced by living organisms (molds, bacteria or green plants), that can inhibit or kill undesirable bacteria. Example: penicillin.
Drugs that kill bacteria, but not viruses
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Antibody
A protein produced by the immune system to protect the body from disease caused by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses).
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Anticoagulants
Drugs that reduce the ability of the blood to clot. Also called blood thinners.
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Anticonvulsant
Drugs administered to reduce seizures.
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Anti diuretic hormone Abbr.: ADH
A hormone produced in the brain that acts on the kidney causing it to save water and to produce concentrated urine.
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Antiemetics
Drugs administered to reduce vomiting.
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Antifungal
A drug used in the treatment of a disease caused by a fungus.
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Antigen
A foreign protein that stimulates the body's immune system to produce antibodies. A substance that can induce an immune response.
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Antipyretics
Drugs that suppress a fever in an attempt to bring the temperature to normal.
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Antiseptic
A mild disinfectant used on living tissues.
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Anus
The muscular tissue at the end of the rectum that keeps stool in the rectum until the animal defecates.
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Arrested development
The parasites "hibernate" in the host as a fourth stage larva, and then in spring, they come out.
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Arrhythmia
An abnormal heart rhythm. Or any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat
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Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the organs and tissues. Arteries contain more oxygen and nutrients than veins and are under higher pressure.
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Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints.
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Artificial insemination Abbr.: AI
The female is artificially inseminated with the male's sperm; breeding does not take place. Instilling semen into the female reproductive tract by a method other than natural breeding.
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Artificial vagina Abbr.: AV
A rubber cone attached to a collection tube that is used to collect semen.
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As fed basis
An expression of feed nutrient content with moisture included. Nutrient content on an "as fed" basis is always lower than on a "dry matter" basis.
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Ascites
The accumulation of fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal)(belly) cavity.
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Ash
The inorganic mineral elements of animals and plants determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (ash).
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Aspiration
Inhaling foreign debris, food or other materials into the airways.
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Assessment
Interpretation of data.
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Asystole
Cardiac arrest.
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Ataxia
Incoordination or abnormal gait.
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Atopy
Allergic inhalant dermatitis or atopic dermatitis. Allergens may be inhaled, ingested or injected.
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Atresia
Regressing or shrinking in size
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Atria
The heart has 4 chambers; the two chambers that make up the top of the heart are the atria.
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Atropine
A parasympatholytic drug which competitively blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors and increases sinus node automaticity and atrial-ventricular conduction resulting in an increase in heart rate.
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Attack rate
The proportion of a defined population affected during an outbreak. Since the attack rate is based only on new cases of disease, it is comparable to incidence.
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Attenuation
The reduction in virulence of an infectious agent.
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Auscultation
To listen with a stethoscope. The heart and lung sounds are heard by auscultation.
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Auto - immunity
Producing an immune response against normal or altered body components.
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Available protein
The portion of the crude protein that can be used by the animal.
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Average daily gain Abr.: ADG
The average daily liveweight increase of a growing animal; usually expressed in kg, g or lb./day.
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Azoospermia
The complete absence of sperm in an ejaculate.
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Azotemia
An increase in nitrogen containing waste products in the blood. Azotemia may be pre-renal, renal or post-renal. The increase of waste products in the bloodstream due to kidney failure
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B

Breeding records
The computerized or paper records that document the aspects of the reproductive life of an animal.
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Bacteremias
A bacterial population in the blood.
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Bacteria
Microscopic organisms that may be normal or may cause disease. The healthy body normally contains some bacteria.
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Bacterial or prokaryotes
Single celled organisms without a true nucleus.
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Bacterin
A vaccine containing killed bacteria.
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Bacteriocidal
Kills bacteria
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Bacteriocide
A substance that kills bacteria.
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Bacteriostat
A substance that inhibits or retards bacterial growth.
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Bacteriostatic
Inhibits or retards bacterial growth
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Balanced ration
A 24-hour feed allowance that provides an animal with appropriate amounts and proportions of all nutrients required for a given level of performance.
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Balanoposthitis
Inflammation of the penis (balanitis) and prepuce (posthitis).
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Barrow
A castrated male pig before the development of secondary sex characteristics.
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Batch furrow system
A management system where pigs are raised in batches from piglets to market hogs and as they mature the raising area they left is cleaned, disinfected, and left vacant until the next batch of pigs is purchased.
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Basal fluid loss
The basal fluid loss is the typical loss of fluids by both insensible and sensible routes.
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Benign
Not malignant to mean non-cancerous although some cancers are called benign if they do not spread to other parts of the body.
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Benign prostatic hypertrophy Abr.: BPH
Prostatic enlargement that occurs under the influence of testosterone. The animal may be asymtomatic or have signs of infertility, urinary tract infection or straining to defecate.
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Benzoyl peroxide
Topical antibacterial agent available as a gel and shampoo.
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BI-parietal diameter
The diameter of the skull as determined using ultrasound. This diameter can be used to determine age of the fetus.
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Bicarbonate precursors
Bicarbonate precursors are converted by the liver to bicarbonate and include Acetate, Gluconate, Lactate, and Citrate.
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Bilateral
Involving both sides.
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Bile
A yellow fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder that helps in the digestion of fats.
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Bile acids
Substances produces by the liver and secreted in the bile that aid digestion.
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Bilirubin
A substance produced when old red blood cells are destroyed in the body. Abnormal amounts of bilirubin cause jaundice and is caused by breakdown of large numbers of red blood cells or by disease of the liver or gall bladder.
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Biopsy
Obtaining a piece of tissue for analysis, using a specialized needle or a scalpel blade.
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Bitch
Term for female dog.
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Bladder
The sac-like structure, which holds urine until the urine can be passed.
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Blister
A thin walled structure containing fluid or air such as vesicles and bullae.
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Bloat
An accumulation of gas in the rumen of goats, cattle and sheep which have overeaten or have indigestion. Characterized by staggering, panting and collapse. Distention of the rumen.
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Blue eye
A post vaccination adverse event that had been reported by veterinarians vaccinating dogs with the modified-live canine adenovirus-1 vaccine (CAV-1).
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Boar
Uncastrated male of swine any age.
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Body condition score Abbr.: BCS
A score based on a scale from 1 to 5 that assesses the amount of body fat on an animal. One is emaciated, three is ideal, and five is obese.
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Bolus
The rapid administration of a fluid or drug over a short time period.
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Bone marrow
The soft center of bones. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
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Bony orbit
The bony fossa within the skull separating the eyes from the cranial cavity
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Bovine
Pertaining to the cow.
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Bradycardia
An abnormally slow heart rate.
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Breech
Birth presentation with the buttocks first.
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Breed
Animals sharing a common ancestry, traits and characteristics which distinguish them from other groups of animals in the same species.
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Breeding soundness examination Abbr. BSE
A series of diagnostic tests performed on a male animal in order to evaluate his capabilities as a stud. The results of the tests are typically recorded in a standardized fashion on a specific form.
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Broken mouth
A term describing a sheep who has lost one or more of its permanent incisors.
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Bronchi and bronchiole
Small tubular structures that lead from the trachea to the microscopic sac-like structures, alveoli, in the lungs.
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Bronchoscope
A stiff or flexible tube with a light that is used to look inside the airways.
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Bronchoscopy
Using a bronchoscope to look inside the trachea and large bronchi.
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Brood Animal
Females used for breeding and raising young.
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Buck
Uncastrated male of goats.
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Buffer
A substance used in livestock rations to help resist changes in the acidity of the digestive tract. Examples: sodium bicarbonate, bentonite.
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Bulbourethral glands
An accessory sex gland of the male.
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Bulbus glandis
The rounded base of the penis.
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Bulk tank
A refrigerated milk storage tank for each dairy herd.
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Bull
Uncastrated male of cattle any age.
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Buretrol
Buretrols are small plastic cylinders that are filled from a stock bottle, or bag of fluids.
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Butterfly catheter
A style of catheter that has a rigid needle attached to a plastic finger grip that looks like "wings" and then attached to a short piece of flexible tubing.
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By product
Feeds produced as a result of industrial manufacturing, plant or animal processing. Examples: distillers grains, beet pulp, meat and bone meal, fish meal
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C

CAB
A new order of CPR in which chest compressions are first applied to cause circulation of blood, then an airway for breathing is established. Used more commonly in humans and originated due to concerns of transmission of infectious diseases. In animals consider this order if the arrest is witnessed and it is known that the patient does not have underlying respiratory disease.
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Cachexia
Very thin, a synonym for emaciation.
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Caesarian section Abbr: C-section
Surgical procedure for delivery of fetuses.
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Calculi
Stones in the kidney, urinary bladder or occasionally gall bladder.
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Caked bag
Another name for udder edema when the bag becomes swollen just before or after freshening due to fluid retention.
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Calf
Offspring of cattle from birth to 1 year of age.
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Calf Crop
Calves produced by a herd of cattle in 1 year (90% calf crop = 90 calves per 100 cows bred)
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Calf Hutch
Housing unit for young calves.
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Calf starter
Grain based mixes fed to young calves.
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California Mastitis Test or Wisconsin Mastitis Test Abrev: CMT/WMT
CMT is an animal side test that measures the milk somatic cell count as a screen for subclinical mastitis. The WMT is a laboratory procedure that is a more precise measure of somatic cell count, although it is not as precise as a direct count.
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Calipers
A device used to measure the diameter of the testes.
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Callus
Hypertrophy of the stratum corneum especially over pressure points such as the elbow.
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Calorie Abbr.: kcal
A measure of energy; usually expressed as kilocalorie (kcal) or megacalorie (Mcal).
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Calving interval
The time between one calving and the next. Should not exceed 13 months.
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Camelids
Camelids are a large family including Old World camelids: camels and the bactrians, which are two-humped camels, and the New World camelids, llamas and alpacas
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Canine
A dog.
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Caprine
Of, relating to or being a Goat.
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Caprine arthritis-encephalitis Abbr: CAE
A disease characterized by the development of chronic arthritis and debility.
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Carbohydrates
Major energy providing substrates including starches, sugars, cellulose and hemicellulose. All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and are usually divided into two fractions - structural (fibre) and non-structural (sugars and starches).
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Carbonic anhydrase
An enzyme located in the eye and in the kidney tubules that is important in reabsorbing bicarbonate (kidney) and in the active secretion of aqueous in the eye.
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Carbuncle
Multiple cutaneous abscesses that are connected by sinuses.
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Carcinoma
A type of cancer originating from epithelial cells. Example squamous cell carcinoma originates from cells of the skin and mouth; transitional cell carcinoma originates from the cells of the bladder.
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Cardiac
A synonym for heart.
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Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the heart muscle. Weak heart muscle cannot pump blood normally.
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Abbr.: CPR
A life saving procedure that includes the external compression of the chest wall to stimulate blood flow and breathing (by mouth to mouth or other methods) to provide oxygen.
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Cardiovascular
The organ system that includes the heart and blood vessels.
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Carrier
An animal who harbors an infectious agent but is not showing signs of disease.
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Cast
Condition where full woolen sheep gets on its back and is unable to rise. Cast ewes are old ewes that are culled from the flock.
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Castrate
The removal or destruction of the testicles.
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Castration
A synonym for neutering the male animal by removal of the testicles.
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Catheterize
Insertion of a tube into a body passageway or cavity to permit injection or withdrawal of fluids. As to drain the bladder.
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Caudal
Refers to the rear or in a direction toward the rear of the animal. For example the abdomen is more caudal than the chest. The opposite term is cranial meaning closer to the head of the animal.
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Caustic ointment
A paste applied in a ring around the base and on the button of a young animal's horn buds to prevent them from growing, a method of dehorning.
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Cautery
A hot iron, caustic, or other agent used to burn, sear, or destroy tissue.
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Cerebellum
A smaller portion of the brain responsible for balance.
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Cerebrum
The major portion of the brain.
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Cerumen
Waxy secretion of the apocrine glands of the ear.
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Ceruminolytic agents
Agents that loosen and dissolve ear wax. Includes dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, squalene, propylene glycol, carbamide peroxide, and others.
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Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix.
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Cervix
The neck of the uterus.
The narrow outer opening of the uterus.
Part of the female reproductive tract located between the vagina and uterus.
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Cestodes
Tape worms.
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Chaff
Husks or other seed coverings and other plant parts separated from seed during harvest or processing.
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Cherry eye
Prolapse of the third eyelid gland.
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Chiggers
Common name for Trombiculidiasis.
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Chlorhexidine
Novalsan. Antibacterial, antifungal, and viricidal. Use primarily as soaks or in conjunction with whirlpool therapy.
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Chlorpheniramine
An antihistamine.
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Choanal atresia
A failure of a separation to form between the nasal cavity and the nasopharnyx. A common birth defect in the crias.
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Cholangitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
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Chorea
A nervous disorder marked by spasmodic movements of the limbs or facial muscles and by incoordination.
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Chromosome
Microscopic body containing genes, which determine hereditary factors.
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Chronic
A disease or condition that has been present for several weeks or longer or
exposure to the poison occurs over a period of weeks, months, or years; onset of signs may be sudden and dramatic, or can be insidious like a slow loss in body condition or reduced productivity.
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Chronological records
Records that are organized by arranging all the data in the record in the order in which it was collected.
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Chrysotherapy
Gold salt therapy used in treatment of immune mediated disorders. Solganol®-Schering Co.
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Cilia
Eyelashes
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Cirrhosis
Scar tissue in the liver. Severe cirrhosis causes liver failure.
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Clean wool
Wool after it has been "scoured" to remove the debris, dirt or other foreign matter.
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Clinical study
A clinical study or clinical trial is a test of a new drug or procedure that is being evaluated for effectiveness in animals with naturally occurring disease. In some cases the effectiveness of the new drug or procedure is compared with currently available treatments.
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Clinimix™
A pre-made solution used in partial parenteral solution.
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Clone
The progeny of a single cell.
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Clostridium
A group of bacteria that produce spores. One type of clostridium causes tetanus.
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Coccidia
Protozoa; one celled parasites in the digestive membrane of birds and animals
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Coccidiosis
Infestation with coccidia; characterized by stunted growth, diarrhea and unthriftiness; treated with sulfas.
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Cold nursery
A nursery where piglets older than four weeks old are kept and the ambient temperature is around 65F.
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Colic
Intense abdominal pain.
Abdominal pain not necessarily associated with the digestive system; any painful abdominal structure can cause colic.
Abdominal pain caused by overeating, overheated constipation or impaction. Characterized by pacing, sweating, kicking, hard breathing. Treated with medications to calm the stomach and relieve pain.
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Colisepticemic E. coli
E. Coli that spreads from the gut through the calf's body and causes abscessed in the brain, eyes, kidneys, and joints. This occurs when the newborn calf ingests it in manure, mud, or other material before or along with getting colostrum.
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Colitis
Inflammation of the large intestine (colon).
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Collagenases
Enzymes secreted by certain bacteria that break down collagen and inhibit wound healing.
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Colloid
Microscopic particles suspended in a solution. The particles in a colloidal solution are large in molecular weight and can pull fluid into the intravascular space.
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Colloidal solutions
Colloidal solutions are solutions that contain large particles. These large particles are either proteins or complex sugars, such as dextrans or hetastarches. Colloidal solutions because they are physically large molecules, will stay in the bloodstream and hold water in the bloodstream by their oncotic effect.
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Colon
Part of the large intestine.
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Colostrum
The milk secreted by female mammals for the first few days after birth. It is particularly rich in nutrients and antibodies essential for newborn survival.
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Colt
Uncastrated male horse under 4 years of age.
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Comminuted fracture
A smashed bone containing many fragments.
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Commensalism
Parasitic state in which the parasite lives with the animal without causing disease. Be cautious with this type of parasite.
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Commodity feed
A feed that has high energy, and often a high protein content.
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Complete blood count Abbr.: CBC
Also known as a CBC. The number of red blood cells and white blood cells in the blood stream.
A blood test in which the number of red and white blood cells and platelets are counted
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Complete feed
A thoroughly blended mixture of different feed ingredients formulated to meet specific nutrient requirements.
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Compound
To mix components following a "recipe" or protocol.
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Compounding
To create a medication by combining parts or to change the formulation of a drug, for example from tablet to liquid.
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Compound fracture
A break in both bone and skin.
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Computerized tomography scan Abbr.: CT
Many x-ray pictures are taken during a CT scan. A computer is used to put the x-ray pictures together to obtain a 3-dimensional view of a structure.
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Concentrate
A classification of feedstuffs high in energy and low in fibre; usually further divided into energy and protein concentrates. Often used interchangeably with supplement. Examples: corn, barley, and soybeans.
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Conformation
Structure or shape of an animal or its carcass.
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Confirmed sire
One that has been used for breeding before and has known good fertility.
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Congenital
A defect that is present at birth. The defect may either be inherited or be caused by something during gestation.
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Conjunctiva
The thin, moist, mucus membrane that covering the eyeball and the inner side of the eyelid.
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Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by irritation of foreign matter.
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Constipation
Excessively firm stool.
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Contact dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin from contact with an irritant.
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Contagious
An infection capable of spread amongst animals by direct contact. Example: Pasteurella spp. in nasal droplets
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Contagious disease
A disease that is capable of being spread amongst animals by direct contact.
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Contagious mastitis
Mastitis that is caused by coagulate negative Staphylococci.
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Contrast
A dye given by mouth or in the vein that will make some organs more visible on a x-ray (radiograph).
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Controlled breeding
Also called a timed breeding technique. Modification of the physiology of the ovaries in such a way that one can predict exactly when that female is going to be ready and breed her only once.
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Contusion
Bruise.
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Coprophagia
Eating feces (stool).
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Copulation
Insertion of the penis into the female reproductive tract.
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Core vaccine
A vaccine that should be administered routinely.
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Corn
Painful feet condition in cattle characterized by and extra piece of tissue extending from between the toes; usually removed surgically.
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Cornification
The angular appearance of epithelial cells during estrus under the influence of estrogen.
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Coronary band
The tissue right around the top of the hoof, similar to a fingernail cuticle.
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Coronavirus
A single stranded RNA virus
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Coronet
The lower part of a horse's pastern where the horn terminates in skin.
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Corpora nigra
Structures present mainly on the upper pupil margin in horses, upper and lower margins in the lamb. Quite obvious and elaborate on llamas and alpacas. Their function is not really known.
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Corpus hemorrhagicum
Also called a hemorrhagic follicle. A follicle that has been present on the ovary and has not been given the chance to ovulate so it will continue growing and becomes large and cyst-like and bleeds inside.
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Corpus luteum
A structure in the ovary that produces progesterone.
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Corticosteroid
General terms for drugs that act like the hormone, cortisol. Also called a glucocorticoid.
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Cortisol
A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that affects the function of most organs in the body. Some primary functions are to increase blood sugar and to reduce inflammation.
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Cotyledonary type of placenta
A type of placenta where the connection between the placenta and the fetus is based on buttons of tissue. Cattle and sheep have this type of placentation.
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Cow
Female cattle, usually over 3 years of life.
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COX inhibitor
Drugs that block cyclooxygenase and that are intended to relieve pain and inflammation.
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Cranial
Refers to the head or in a direction toward the front of the animal. For example the chest is more cranial than the abdomen. The opposite term is caudal meaning closer to the rear of the animal.
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Creep area
Area of feeding growing young animals which allows access to feed while excluding adults by size and placement of feeders.
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Creep fed ration
A ration for growing animals meant to be fed free choice.
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Cria
The newborn or young offspring of llamas and alpacas.
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Crimp
The "wave" in the staple of wool.
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Crossbred
Animals whose parents were of different breeds.
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Crossbreeding
Mating of animals of different breeds.
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Crude protein
An estimate of the total protein content of a feed; determined by analyzing the nitrogen content of the feed and multiplying the result by 6.25. Crude protein includes true protein and other nitrogen-containing substances such as ammonia, amino acids, and nitrates.
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Crust
Dried exudaet on the skin surface.
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Crutching
Removing the wool from around the breech area.
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Cryoprotectant
A substance such as glycerol, which is added to semen to protect the sperm membrane from injury by ice crystals, formed during the freezing and thawing process.
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Cryptorchid
A condition seen in intact male animals where a testicle failed to descend into the scrotum.
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Cryptorchidism
A condition in which one or both testes are not located in the scrotum.
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Crystalloid
A solution containing small particles. The particles can pass through a semipermeable membrane. Lactated Ringers is an example of a crystalloid solution.
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Cull cow
Cow removed from a herd due to poor profitability. Generally due to poor production, reproduction, or mastitis
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Culling
The process of eliminating undesirable animals.
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Culture
Evaluating a sample of fluid or tissue for bacterial growth.
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Cush
The laying down position of the female camelid during mating.
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Cushing's Disease
A disease of the adrenal gland that produces too much of the hormone cortisol. Sign of too much cortisol include drinking, eating ,urinating increased amounts and loss of hair on the body. Also called hyperadrenocorticism.
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Cwt.
An abbreviation for 100 pounds of weight
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Cycle
Events that happen in the female such as ovulation, hormone production, receptivity, etc. In camelids the cycle does not follow regular time periods as it does in horses or cattle.
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Cyst
A fluid-filled structure.
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Cystic ovaries
Ovaries containing cysts; characterized by a female this is continually in heat; treated with hormones.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cystocercus
The larval stage of a tapeworm encysted in muscle.
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Cytokine
A protein secreted by cells that carry a signal to other cells.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cytology
The microscopic evaluation of cells removed from an organ or tissue.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cytoplasmic droplet
A round drop of cytoplasm that moves from the neck of the sperm down it's tail and is gone by the time normal sperm are ejaculated.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

D

Dags
Breech wool that is coated with feces. "To dag" the sheep means to remove this wool by selective shearing or clipping with dagging shears.
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Dam
The female parent
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Data base
The database is information that is collected by the user of the medical record, either the veterinarian or a technician. In order to collect a similar amount of baseline information about all patients, and to avoid omissions, the minimum database should be defined in advance and should always be collected. The database may include laboratory tests, radiographs, or other diagnostic tests.
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Days in milk
The number of days a cow, sheep or goat has been milking in her current lactation, same as days since fresh.
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Days open
The number of days between parturition and conception. Should be less than 120 days.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dead-end host
It can not be transmitted from human to human. Example: brucellosis.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Debride
To clean out dead or dying tissue from a wound.
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Deciduous teeth
Non-permanent teeth (baby teeth) that will be shed and replaced with permanent adult teeth.
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Decubital ulcers
Pressure sores, usually seen over bony prominances.
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Defecation
To pass feces, stool or manure.
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Definitive host
Where sexual reproduction takes place.
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Degradable intake protein Abbr.: DIP
Portion of intake protein that is degraded (broken down) by rumen microbes to ammonia and amino acids. DIP is used for microbial synthesis.
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Dehorning iron
An electric instrument used to burn the horn cells of a young animal. Also called disbudding iron.
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Dehydration
An inadequate amount of fluid in the body. The minimum amount of dehydration that can be detected is about 5% loss of total body weight as fluid loss.
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Delayed wound closure
This is a wound you will suture but not immediately; first you debride the wound several times through bandage changes to make it more amenable to closing.
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Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin caused by an irritant.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dermatologic examination
The dermatological exam should include examination of the entire hair coat, careful palpation of the skin, careful examination of the skin surface over several areas of the body, visual examination (otoscopic) of the external ear canals, and inspection of the foot pads. In many cases it is helpful to clip hair from the animal so that specific lesions may be seen more clearly. It is also helpful to have a form for the medical record, on which lesions may be drawn and recorded, as well as other information.
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Dermis
The layer of skin between the epidermis and the subcutaneous tissues.
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Dermoid
Pieces of skin growing on the cornea.
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Dermatosis
Any disease of the skin not necessarily with inflammation.
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Descenting
The removal of major scent gland located on the head of a goat by burning or surgery.
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Dextran
High molecular weight polysaccharides used to expand blood volume. A colloid.
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Dextrose
Another term for sugar.
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Dextrose 5% Abrev: D5W
5% dextrose is hypotonic relative to extracellular fluid. It contains only dextrose, no electrolytes. 5% dextrose is a constituent of most maintenance solutions. It can be used a sole fluid for rehydration for animals who cannot tolerate the administration of sodium, such as those with cardiac disease. More commonly, it is used as part of the rehydration solution in these sodium intolerant animals, used in combination with lactated Ringer's or sodium chloride.
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Diabetes mellitus
Also known as sugar diabetes. An insufficient amount of insulin is produced by the pancreas resulting in a high blood sugar level.
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Diagnostic plans
Diagnostic plans are made in order to determine if a certain disease is present. For example a bile acid analyses would be performed to determine if liver failure is present.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diagnostic tests
These are tests performed to find the cause of an animal's problem. Diagnostic tests may include analysis of blood, urine, and other body fluids; x-rays (the correct term is radiographs); biopsies, etc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diamond eyes
A combination of severe entropion and ectropion involving both upper and lower eyelids. Most commonly seen in Saint Bernard dogs.
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Diarrhea
A stool that is looser than normal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diestrus
A stage of the female reproductive cycle that follows the period of receptivity.
The stage of the estrous cycle which follows estrus.
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Dietary history
This includes: the diet the animal is currently receiving and for how long? Have they had a hypoallergenic diet ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dietary scours
When the calf is getting so much nutrient intake they can not absorb it all and it is fermenting in the colon producing gassy, large volume, smelly diarrhea.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diff-Quik stain
A 3-step staining process to stain cytology samples.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Digestibility
A measure of the extent a feed or nutrient is digested; usually expressed as a percent.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Digestible energy Abbr: DE
Energy that is available to the animal by digestion; measured as the difference between gross energy content of a feed and the energy contained in the animal's feces (gross energy minus fecal energy.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Digestion
The changes that occur to a feed within the animal's digestive tract to prepare it for absorption and use. (
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Digestive system
An organ system that absorbs and digests food. The digestive system includes the esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver and pancreas.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Digital examination
Using gloved fingers to examine. Usually refers to rectal or vaginal exams.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Digital manipulation
Manually stimulating the penis in order to obtain a semen sample for analysis.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dihydrotestosterone Abbr: DTH
The form of testosterone utilized by the prostate gland.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dimensions of pain
There are 3 dimensions of pain: sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective and cognitive-evaluative, which influence how an individual interprets and responds to a painful stimulus.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diphenhydramine HCL
Benadryl. An antihistamine.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Direct lifecycle
There is a single host and the host animal is the animal that is being infected.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disease triangle
Interactions between the host, the pathogen, and the environment.
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Disinfectant
A germicidal chemical that destroys microorganisms and the potential infectivity of a material.
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Disinfection
To destroy germs by using chemicals (disinfectants) or by physical means such as high temperature.
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Distemper
A contagious disease in dogs of the central nervous system caused by a virus.
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Diuretics
Drugs that increase the amount of urine produced
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dock
To cut off the end of a body part, such as tails of a sheep.
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Doe
A female goat.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Domboro's solution
Aluminum acetate solution. A topical drying agent (astringent).
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Dominant follicle
The largest follicle on the ovary that secretes hormones that will suppress the other follicles so that the female will have only one egg and will prevent twinning.
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Downer cows
Cows unable to stand after calving because of injuries to ligament muscle and bone.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Draft
Separate sheep into groups.
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Drench
To give liquid medicine to an animal.
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Drove/droving (Australian)
To move sheep.
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Dry cow therapy
Antibiotic therapy given at the onset of the nonlactating period of the cow. It is intended to cure and protect against intramammary infection.
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Dry matter
Feed residue left after all moisture has been removed by drying (i.e., 100% dry matter)
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Dry matter basis
An expression of feed nutrient content after the moisture has been removed by drying. Used to compare nutrient composition or animal intake of feeds differing in moisture content.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry period
A period of 45-60 days when lactation is halted before the next lactation begins. The dry period is required for rejuvenation of secretory parenchyma.
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Duodenum
The portion of the intestine directly attached to the stomach.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dysmature cria
A cria that has developed too slowly inside the uterus. They are born weak and lacking vigor.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dysphagia
Difficulty eating and swallowing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dysphoria
Agitation or restlessness.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing.
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Dystocia
Difficulty giving birth. Maternal or fetal factors may cause dystocia.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dysuria
Difficulty urinating.
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E

Eclampsia
Low blood calcium occurring in female dogs and cats at the end of gestation, or more commonly during early lactation. Small breed dogs are more commonly affected. Low calcium causes signs of muscle tetany.
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ECP
A type of estrogen sometimes used to mismate.
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Ectoparasites
Parasites that reside on the skin.
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Ectopic
In an abnormal location.
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Ectopic cilia
Abnormal eyelashes originating from the upper lid on the conjunctiva side, usually just a few millimeters in from the eyelid margin, about mid way along the upper lid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Edema
The abnormal accumulation of fluid in a tissue or cavity.

The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces of the body. Edema fluid may accumulate in the subcutaneous tissues, peritoneal cavity (ascites), pleural cavity (hydrothorax) or pericardial sac (hydropericardium).
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Ejaculate
The movement of semen through the urethra to outside the penis.
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Elastrator
An instrument which places a rubber band between the body and body part, such as horn or testicle, to be removed from young animals. The band shuts off circulation and eventually the body part falls off.
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Electrocardiography Abbr. ECG
A test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. ECG or EKG.
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Electroejaculation
Using an electrical stimulus to cause the male to ejaculate semen.
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Electrolytes
A general term for sodium, potassium, chloride and magnesium.

Normal bases, acids and salts found in the blood.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elizabethan collar
A large plastic collar that is placed over the head of a dog or cat. It has a cone shape and is used to keep them from licking or chewing on themselves.
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Emaciation
Severe weight loss. Extremely thin. Also called cachexia.
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Emasculatome
A clamp used to crush the cords to the testicles causing them to atrophy and shrink up. Used in the clamping or pinching method of castration.
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Emasculator
An instrument that crushes and cuts both the cord and blood vessels in the testicles. Used in surgical castration.
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Embryo
The early stages of development of a baby in the uterus.
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Embroyotomy Knife
A special curved knife with a small blade used to cut the skin of a dead fetus without damaging the uterine wall.
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Embryonic vesicle
The sac containing the embryo which later in pregnancy develops into a fetus.
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Emesis
A synonym for vomiting.
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Emetic
An agent that induces vomiting.
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Emollient
A softening agent.
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Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain.
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Endemic disease
An infection that is engrained in a particular area.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Endocrine
The body system that produces hormones. Endocrine organs include the pancreas, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands. Diseases of the endocrine system may lead to the production of too much or too little hormone.
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Endometritis
Uterine inflammation or infection due to bacteria or fungi.
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Endoparasites
They live within the animal.
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Endorphin
A morphine-like peptide that is produced in the brain and which binds to certain receptors to reduce the sensation of pain.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Endoscope
A long, flexible lighted tube used to see inside structures.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Endoscopy
Passing an instrument into a cavity to see the insides.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Endothelium
The epithelial cells lining the inside of a blood vessel.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Endotoxemia
A type of shock caused by absorbing endotoxin, which is released from some types of bacteria in the intestine when those bacteria die.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Endotoxin
A substance released from some types of bacteria in the intestine that when absorbed into the blood causes fever and shock called endotoxic shock.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Energy
A nutrient essential for maintenance, growth, production and reproduction. Energy is required in larger amounts than any other nutrient except water, and is often the limiting factor in livestock production.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Energy terminology
Gross Energy (GE) The total combustible energy in a feed, determined by measuring the amount of heat produced when a feed sample is completely burnt in a bomb calorimeter.
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Enophthalmos
Retraction of globe into the orbit resulting in a sunken eye.
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Enteral
Delivery of drugs or nutrients to the intestinal tract by deposition in the mouth, stomach or jejunum.
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Enteric
A pathogen that is related to E. coli.
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Enteropatogenic E. coli
Specific strains of E. coli that attach very tightly to gut wall and secrete various toxins, causing both excess secretion and malabsorption as well as general systemic effects on the calf.
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Enterotoxemia
Clostridial disease where organisms produce a toxin that causes a gangrene or necrotizing affect to the small intestinal tract of the animal.

A highly fatal disease related to the proliferation of gram negative organisms in the intestine of susceptible animals.

A disease of some animals most often young goats, calves and lambs, caused by an organism; characterized by diarrhea, circling, convulsions, in coordination and weakness; prevented by vaccination and exercise; treatment is inadequate; also called overeating disease.
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli
A specific strain K99 that attaches to intestinal cells and causes a hyper secretory diarrhea.
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Entropion
Inversion or turning inward.
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Environment
All of the conditions an animal is subjected to.
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Environmental history
This includes a travel history of an animal, a description of the home environment, the percentage of time the animal spends indoors vs. outdoors, and the presence of other animals in the household.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental mastitis
Mastitis caused by environmental Streptococci.
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Enzyme
A complex protein compound produced in living cells, which speeds up chemical reactions without itself being changed or destroyed. It is added to animal feeds to supplement low enzyme production by some young animals or to improve utilization of feeds.

A substance that makes a chemical process faster. For example digestive enzymes break down food to hasten the process of digestion.
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Eosinophil
A type of white blood cell observed in increased numbers in allergies.
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Epidemiology
The study of health and disease in populations of animals.

The study of disease progression.
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Epidermal membrane
Also called the fourth membrane. A membrane that covers the cria entirely at birth.
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Epidermis
The top layer of skin above the dermis.
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Epididymis
A convoluted, tubular structure connected to the testes that stores sperm.
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Epididymitis
Inflammation of the epidiymis often results in infertility in rams.
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Epidural anesthesia
Injection of an anesthetic agent into the space outside the dura mater of the spinal cord.
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Epilate
Removing hair.
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Epinephrine
A vasopressor drug which via alpha stimulation increases systemic vascular resistance and improves coronary and brain blood flow.
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Epiphora
Excessive tearing.
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Epistaxis
Bloody nose.
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Epithelial cells
Cells that line the surface of an organ such as the epithelial cells lining the vagina.
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Epitope
The site on bacteria that specific antibody recognizes and binds to.
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Equitainer
A container originally designed for shipping horse semen; also used to maintain temperature control of semen from other species.
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Erythrocyte Abbr. RBC
Red blood cell.
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Esophagus
A muscular tube leading from the mouth to the stomach.
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Essential amino acids
Amino acids that must be supplied in the diet, as the animal either cannot synthesize them or cannot synthesize them in sufficient quantities to meet requirements.
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Essential host
Humans are an essential element of the organisms life cycle.
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Estimated crude protein from non-protein source Abbr. ECP from NPS
Non-protein nitrogen sources such as urea or ammonia; used in ruminant diets in limited amounts to enhance dietary protein levels.
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Estrogen
Female hormone produced by follicles on the ovary.

The hormone that makes a female receptive to the male.
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Estrous
Refers to the entire reproductive cycle compared to estrus, which refers to the phase of the cycle that follows proestrus.
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Estrous cycle
Describes all parts of the heat cycle whereas estrus is just the stage of the heat cycle during which the female is receptive to the male.
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Estrus
A stage in the reproductive cycles of the female, also known as heat. Period when female is receptive to male (will stand for mating).
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Ether extract laboratory test
A test to measure the total fat content of a feed.
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Ewe
Female sheep any age.
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Excoriation
Superficial loss of the epidermis caused by physical damage such as scratching.
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Exophthalmos
Bulging of the eye. May be due to a space-occupying lesion that pushes the eye forward or may be a specific breed attribute (example: Pekingnese dogs).
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Exposure
Exposure does not equal poisoning, it is the dose. If you smell ammonia you have been exposed but you have not been poisoned with ammonia gas.
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Expectorant
A substance which cleans the air passages of secretions.
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Extra cellular fluid Abbr. ECF
Includes fluid around cells and in the plasma. Comprises 1/3 of total body water.
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Extracranial
Outside of the head.
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Eyelid agenesis
Born without part of the upper eyelids
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F

Farrow
To give birth to a litter of pigs.
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Farrowing area
Where the sow furrows.
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Fat
A term used in a general sense to refer to both fats and oils. Fat supplied 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates. Both fats and oils share the same general structure and chemical properties, but have different physical properties, example: oils are liquid at room temperature.
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Fat corrected milk
Adjustment of milking production records to reflect the energy cost of fat production.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fat soluble vitamins
Includes vitamins A, D, E and K. Vitamins A, D and E are supplemented in many livestock rations. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat reserves.
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Fecal
Pertaining to the bowel movement or excreta.
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Fecal-oral transmission cycle
A cycle of disease spread where the pathogen is shed in the sick animal's feces and infects other animals when they ingest something contaminated by the infected feces.
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Feces
Another word for solid wastes (stool).
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Feed additives
Products added to basic feed mixes to improve the rate and/or efficiency of gain, prevent certain diseases, or preserve feeds.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feed efficiency
A ratio describing the amount of feed required per unit of production (grain, milk, and eggs).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feed grade
Term to describe the quality of foodstuffs suitable for animal, but not human, consumption.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feed processing
Physical or chemical changes in feed stuffs which influence their nutritional value.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feed stuff
An edible material that contributes nutrients to an animals' diets.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feline
Cat.
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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Abbr. FIV
A virus that chronically suppresses the immune system of cats resulting in secondary infections.
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Feminization
A male showing signs of being under the influence of the female hormone, estrogen.
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Fertility
Capable of conceiving and bearing offspring.
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Fertilization
The process of sperm combining with eggs (ova).
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Fertilization rate
The percentage of females bred that get pregnant. A 90% fertilization rate means that 9 out of 10 females bred get pregnant.
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Fetal
Refers to a puppy or kitten before birth.
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Fetlock
A projection bearing a tuft of hair on the backs of the leg just above the hoof of a horse or similar animal.
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Fetotomy
Cutting a dead fetus into parts to allow removal of the pieces from the dam.
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Fetus
The later stages of development of a baby before birth. An unborn developing animal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fibrosis
Scarring.
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Filly
Female horse, under 4 years of age.
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Firing
The method of applying a firing pin to the skin surface to produce heat. The heat in turn increases circulation to promote healing; used to treat lameness in horses.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flatulence
Passing gas from the intestinal tract. May be a sign of disease of the small intestine.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flehmen
A curling of the upper lip or open mouth behavior which is a normal mating behavior in the male alpaca, goats and llama.
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Float
A special file about four inches long with a long handle used to file down the sharp edges of horse's teeth.
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Flock
A group of sheep or chickens.
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Flow sheets
Flow sheets are records of data over time.

A table or chart that allows one to easily see the trends over time in numerical values.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fluid therapy
Fluid therapy is broadly defined to include the administration of many types of fluids including crystalloids and colloids. Fluid therapy may be given to prevent or correct; fluid deficits or electrolyte abnormalities, correct water imbalance from excessive fluid loss or inadequate intake, hemorrhage vomiting, diarrhea, Polyuria, expand blood volume shock, correct electrolyte imbalance, supply calories and nutrients or promote renal blood flow.
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Fluoroscopy
A type of radiograph (x-ray) in which motion can be seen.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flushing
Increasing the feed amount and/or quality (energy intake) prior to mating to increase the ovulation rate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fly strike
Cutaneous myiasis. A result of cutaneous parasitism by larvae of flesh flies, blow flies and/or the screwworm fly.
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Foal
Offspring of horse, under 1 year, either sex.
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Follicle
Structures on the ovary that contains the eggs.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Follicle stimulating hormone Abbr. FSH
Promotes growth of follicles on the ovaries.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Follicular cycle
The series of events that occur when the ovary produces a follicle (an egg) and the follicle goes through a series of changes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Folliculitis
Superficial bacterial dermatitis associated with the hair follicle.
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Fomite
A vector of disease transmission that has no part in the pathogen's life cycle.
A contaminated milking towel that spreads disease from cow to cow with each subsequent use is a fomite.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Food hypersensitivity
An allergy. An adverse reaction to food with a proven immunologic basis.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Food intolerance
An adverse reaction to food that does not have a proven immunologic basis.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Food poisoning
An adverse reaction to a food caused by a direct effect of a toxin.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foot rot
A fungus infection that attacks the feet of cattle, sheep, goats & horses causing a sudden lameness; usually treated with antibiotic.
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Forage
A legume or grain feed.
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Forage
Plants or plant parts fed to, or grazed by, domestic animals. Forage may be fresh, dry or ensiled. Such as pasture, green chop, hay haylage). Often used interchangeably with roughage.
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Founder
Lameness in an animal caused by overeating lush pastures or grains, being overheated, or by a retained placenta. Characterized by a reluctance to move & above normal temperature. Treated with antihistamines, rest and cold. Also called Laminitis.
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Fourth membrane
Also called epidermal membrane. A membrane that covers the cria entirely at birth.
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Fracture
Break in a bone.
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Free Choice
Feed available to animal at all times (same as self-fed).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Free mating
Free mating Also called paddock mating. A single male is introduced with a band of females.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Free Martin
Sterile heifer born twin to a bull (about 10% of the heifers born twin to a bull are normal)
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Free stall barn
Housing for cattle where cows can freely enter unoccupied stalls. Most common housing barn in the Northwest.
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Frenulum
A piece of tissue that maintains adhesion between the penis and prepuce.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fresh frozen plasma
Plasma that has been separated from the RBC shortly after blood collection and then frozen. Coagulation factors are preserved in this blood product.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freshen
When an animal gives birth and comes into milk.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freshening
Parturition, calving, kidding.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Frontline spray
Generic name is Fipronil.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Frostbite
The freezing of some part of the body, such as the ears and feet of newborns goats and lambs. Characterized by stiffness, swelling, tenderness and heat; treated by soaking in warm water, rubbing with towels, placing in warm surroundings. Prevention is the best.
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Full Fed
Provided with as much feed as the animal will normally consume.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fungicide
A substance that kills fungi.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fungus
A simple plant, lacking chlorophyll.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Furuncle
A painful, nodular abscess of the skin.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

G

Gait
The appearance of the animal as it is moving. The gait is evaluated for lameness, in-coordination, dragging toenails, etc
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Gall
A skin sore caused by chronic irritation
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Gander
The adult male goose
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Gangrene
The decay of soft body tissue due to disease of shut-off of blood supply
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gastric
Another term for stomach.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gelding
A castrated male horse or llama.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genes
The part of chromosomes carrying hereditary factors.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genome
The total gene complement of a set of chromosomes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Germs
Microscopic organisms that can cause disease. May include bacteria and viruses.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gestation
The duration of pregnancy. The period from conception to birth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Get
The offspring of a male animal
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Gilt
Female of swine, under one year of age.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gingiva
The gums.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gingivitis
Inflammation and swelling of the gums were surrounding the teeth. The gingivas are normally pink and become red when inflamed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glabrous
Hairless areas of skin.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glaucoma
Increased fluid accumulation in the eye causing increased pressure, pain and leading to blindness if untreated.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Globulin
Any of a class of simple proteins that are insoluble in water but are soluble in dilute salt solutions and that occurs widely in plant and animal tissues.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glomerulus
The microscopic functional unit of the kidney. Disease of the glomeruli causes protein to leak into the urine.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glucocorticoid
General terms for drugs that act like the hormone, cortisol. Also called a corticosteroid.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gonadotropin releasing hormone Abbr.: GnRH
This hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of follicle stimulating and luteinising hormones (FSH/LH) from the pituitary gland. LH is believed to be involved in testicular descent into the scrotum.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gouger
A simple instrument with two rounded wooden handles with a sharp blade, which fits down over a horn button. When the handles are pulled apart quickly, the horn button is gouged out; used to dehorn young animals; also called scoops.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grade
Breeding animal (any animal). Not purebred or not eligible for registration that possesses the major characteristics of breed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grade cow
A cow that is not registered.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gram negative
A bacterium, which does not hold the purple dye when, stained by Gram's method.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gram positive
Bacteria that hold the purple dye when stained by Gram's method.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gram's method
Used in diagnostic laboratories as a means for the differential staining of bacteria by which some species remain colored and some are decolorized by treatment with Gram's solution (iodine and the iodide of potassium) after staining with gentian violet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Granulation
The process of the minute red granules of new capillaries forming on the surface of a wound in healing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Granuloma
A focal inflammatory reaction.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grease heel
Another name for scratches.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greasy wool
The wool as it comes off the sheep. It contains yolk (wool grease lanolin) suint (sweat) and dirt and vegetable fiber.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Griseofulvin
Oral treatment for dermatophytes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grubs
Parasitic fly larvae that live under the skin on the back of cattle causing few problems; treated with sprays,
Pour-on medication or powders.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gruel
Any softened, moistened food easily mouthed.

H

Hand breeding
Also called hand mating. The females are completely supervised during the mating process and the male is led to the female and controlled during the breeding process.
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Hard-pad disease
Crusty, dry footpads that may occur as a consequence of canine distemper infection.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hardware disease
A condition in cattle caused by swallowing metal objects, such as nails, wire, bottle caps, etc. Symptoms and treatment vary on the location of the metal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hay
A forage that has been dried.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hay additives
Organic acids or acid-forming compounds designed to allow hay to be harvested at higher than normal moisture contents by preventing the microbial activity responsible for spoilage.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hazard
The likelihood or the probability that a substance, i.e., the poison, will induce a disease state under conditions of use.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Head mange
Common name for notoedric mange.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Heat
Estrus. Period of fertility when the female is receptive to the male. It only lasts 24 hours in the bovine.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Heaves
Chronic pulmonary emphysema of a horse characterized by difficult breathing, heaving of the flanks and a persistent cough.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Heifer
Young bovine female starting her first lactation having calved for the first time. Age at first calving should be 2 years.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hematology
The study of blood.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hematoma
The accumulation of blood under the skin.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hematuria
Red blood cells in the urine.
Bloody urine.
Blood in urine.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hemocytometer
A piece of equipment that is used to count white blood cells and can also be used to count sperm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hemoglobin
The substance contained in red blood cells that carries oxygen to parts of the body.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hemolysis
The breakdown of red blood cells.
Breaking or destruction of red blood cells.
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Hemorrhagic follicle
Also called a corpus hemorrhagicum. A follicle that has been present on the ovary and has not been given the chance to ovulate so it will continue growing and becomes large and cyst-like and bleeds inside.
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Hemospermia
Blood in the ejaculate
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Hemostat
A surgical instrument used to pinch small blood vessels to stop bleeding (hemostasis is to stop bleeding). Hemostats may be used in non-surgical procedures, for example to pluck hair from the ear canals.
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Hepatic
A synonym for liver.
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Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver.
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Herd
A group of animals (cattle, hogs, horses)
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Herd summary
Summary statistics for herd production, reproduction, health, and demographic factors.
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Hermaphrodism
A condition where reproductive structures of both the male and the female are in one body.
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Hermaphrodite
An animal with both male and female reproductive organs.
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Hernia
The abnormal protrusion of part of an organ or tissue through the structures that normally contain it. Also called a rupture.
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Heterologous
Derived from an animal of a different species.
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High/low string
High/low producing cows are split into feeding groups to optimize ration inputs for milk output.
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Hippomanes
Normal formations in the cavity of the placenta where the fetus was located.
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Hobbles
A restraining device, usually made of leather, fastened around a horse's pasterns to keep the legs together to prevent straying or kicking or to throw a horse to permit working on it.
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Hock
The tarsal joint in the hind limb of animals. Corresponding to the heel and ankle of man, except that it is elevated and bends backward.
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Hogget
Sheep 12 to 24 months of age.
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Homologous
Related or similar in characteristics.
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Hookworms
Severe intestinal parasites that penetrate the skin of animals (including humans). Characterized by unthriftiness, diarrhea, and blood in stool and death due to anemia.
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Horizontal transmission
Disease transmission from one animal to another.
Ways infections are spread between animals i.e. direct, indirect, or airborne horizontal transmission.
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Hormone
A substance produced by an endocrine organ that moves around the body in the blood stream.
A chemical formed in one part of the body that is carried in the blood to other parts of the body where it has its effect.
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Hot nursery
A nursery where piglets are raised until they are 4 weeks old and the ambient temperature is very warm.
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Hot spot
Acute moist dermatitis or pyotraumatic dermatitis. A surface pyoderma.
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Hotz- Celsus technique
A surgical procedure for correction of lower lid entropion.
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Humoral
Immunity mediated via antibody
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Humoral immunity
Antibody produced by the B-cells to fight a specific antigen.
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Hydrocephalous
The accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain. The head may appear to be large and dome shaped. Many small breeds of dogs have a degree of hydrocephalous that is normal for the breed. Severe hydrocephalous damages brain tissue.
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Hydrolyzed
Breaking a compound into smaller and simpler compounds by a chemical reaction with water.
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Hydrophobia
Another name for rabies.
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Hydroxyzine HCl
Atarax® an antihistamine.
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Hymen
A thin membrane partially occluding the opening to the vagina in a virgin.
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Hyper
This prefix is used in conjunction with many terms and means an increase; for example, hyperthermia means an increase in temperature.
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Hyperalgesia
Unexpected increased pain intensity from a stimulus. Excessive sensitivity to pain.
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Hypercalcemia
Elevated blood calcium. The most common cause is the production of a biochemical substance by tumors, resulting in the retention of calcium. This is called pseudohyperparathyroidism, most commonly occurring in patients with lymphoma or tumors of the apocrine anal sac. Pseudohyperparathyroidism has been reported associated with other tumor types. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs uncommonly.
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Hyperchloremia
Elevated blood chloride.
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Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to stimulation. Is most commonly seen with peripheral nerve diseases, such as, tumors.
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Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood glucose.
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Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood sugar.
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Hyperkalemia
Elevated blood potassium.
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Hyperkeratosis
Increased thickness of the horny layer of the epidermis.
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Hypermagnesemia
Elevated blood magnesium.
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Hypernatremia
Elevated blood sodium.
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Hyperphosphatemia
Elevated phosphorus.
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Hyperplasia
Proliferation of cellular elements usually accompanied by increased size of the organ
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Hypersensitivity type IV
An exaggerated reaction of the cellular components of the immune system.
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Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure.
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Hypertensive
Elevation in blood pressure.
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Hypertensive retinopathy
Retinal damage caused by edema or hemorrhages beneath the retina causing it to detach. Systemic hypertension is the cause of the detachment.
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Hyperthyroidism
Increased production of thyroid hormone. Hyperthyroidism occurs commonly in geriatric cats but is rare in dogs.
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Hypersonic
A fluid that contains a ratio of electrolytes to water that is greater than extracelluar fluid. A fluid that contains a concentration of electrolytes greater than extracellular fluid.
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Hypertonic dehydration
Dehydration that develops after a hypotonic fluid is lost from the b